顺酐的生产工艺主要有以下几种：

The production processes of maleic anhydride mainly include the following:

　　水蒸汽分馏法：这种方法的原料气是合成氨厂尾气中提取出来的氢气，含碳约5%，因此也被称为富碳法。工艺流程包括原料气的预净化和提浓，催化剂的制备及催化反应物的分离精制。首先，在催化剂存在的情况下将含有大量杂质的原料气体进行预净化处理，使杂质浓度降至10ppm以下或更低。然后，通过提浓步骤获得合格的成品。催化剂的制备涉及将一定量的金属氧化物作为催化剂加入到反应器中进行还原焙烧。

Steam distillation method: The raw gas used in this method is hydrogen gas extracted from the tail gas of the ammonia plant, which contains about 5% carbon, and is also known as the carbon rich method. The process flow includes pre purification and concentration of feed gas, preparation of catalyst, and separation and refinement of catalytic reactants. Firstly, in the presence of a catalyst, the raw gas containing a large amount of impurities is pre purified to reduce the impurity concentration to below 10ppm or lower. Then, qualified finished products are obtained through the concentration step. The preparation of catalysts involves adding a certain amount of metal oxides as catalysts to the reactor for reduction roasting.

　　苯氧化法：这是生产顺酐的传统工艺技术。主要工艺流程是将苯蒸汽和空气（或氧气）按照一定的比例混合，在钒钼氧化物系催化剂下作用，在固定床反应器中氧化生成顺酐混合气。然后，经过气体冷却器初步降温，在部分冷凝器中捕集部分液体粗酐。未被冷凝的气态顺酐用水或溶剂吸收，制得精酐。液态顺酐在包装工序冷却压制为成品。苯氧化法的主要工艺包括Alusuisle/UCB法、美国SD法和日本触媒化学法等。

Benzene oxidation method: This is a traditional process technology for producing maleic anhydride. The main process flow is to mix benzene vapor and air (or oxygen) in a certain proportion, act on vanadium molybdenum oxide catalysts, and oxidize in a fixed bed reactor to generate a mixed gas of maleic anhydride. Then, after initial cooling through a gas cooler, a portion of liquid crude anhydride is captured in some condensers. Unsaturated gaseous maleic anhydride is absorbed by water or solvent to produce phthalic anhydride. Liquid maleic anhydride is cooled and compressed into finished products during the packaging process. The main processes of benzene oxidation include Alusuisile/UCB method, SD method in the United States, and catalytic chemical method in Japan.

　　其他方法：除了上述两种主要方法外，还有脱气乙烯法、邻醋酸酐法和煤化工法等。脱气乙烯法是将乙烯在酒石酸的催化下进行脱氢，得到丙烯醛，再将丙烯醛进行脱氮、脱氧得到顺酐。邻醋酸酐法是以邻醋酸酐为原料，经过氧气氧化脱羧反应生成顺酐。煤化工法是利用煤作为原料，在高温下进行热解生成气体，再进行氧化、脱羧等反应最终得到顺酐。

Other methods: In addition to the two main methods mentioned above, there are also degassing ethylene method, ortho acetic anhydride method, and coal chemical method. The degassing ethylene method is to dehydrogenate ethylene under the catalysis of tartaric acid to obtain acrolein, which is then denitrified and deoxygenated to obtain maleic anhydride. The ortho acetic anhydride method uses ortho acetic anhydride as the raw material and undergoes oxygen oxidation decarboxylation reaction to generate maleic anhydride. The coal chemical method uses coal as a raw material, undergoes pyrolysis at high temperature to generate gas, and then undergoes oxidation, decarboxylation, and other reactions to finally obtain maleic anhydride.

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