一、糖类的组成和分类

1、 Composition and classification of sugars

1.葡萄糖的组成：

1. Composition of glucose:

有机化合物，分子式C6H12O6。纯净的葡萄糖为无色晶体，有甜味但甜味不如蔗糖，易溶于水，微溶于乙醇，不溶于乙醚。天然葡萄糖水溶液旋光向右，故属于“右旋糖”。

Organic compound, molecular formula C6H12O6. Pure glucose is a colorless crystal with a sweet taste but not as sweet as sucrose. It is easily soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and insoluble in ether. Natural glucose aqueous solution has a right-handed rotation, therefore it belongs to the category of "dextrose".

2.通式:

2. General formula:

Cn(H2O)m符合通式的不一定是糖类。

If Cn (H2O) m conforms to the general formula, it may not necessarily be a sugar.

3.分类：

3. Classification:

单糖(不能水解的糖)、低聚糖和多糖。

Monosaccharides (non hydrolyzable sugars), oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

二、葡萄糖

2、 Glucose

1.物理性质：白色晶体，有甜味，能溶于水。

1. Physical properties: White crystal, with a sweet taste, soluble in water.

2.组成和结构分子式：C6H12O6,

2. Composition and structural formula: C6H12O6,

结构简式：CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO

Structural formula: CH2OH (CHOH) 4CHO

3.化学性质：含-CHO具醛的性质，有还原性，与银氨溶液以及新制的Cu(OH)2反应

3. Chemical properties: Contains - CHO with aldehyde properties, reducing properties, and reacts with silver ammonia solution and newly prepared Cu (OH) 2

三、葡萄糖制备方法

3、 Preparation method of glucose

1.由食用玉米淀粉用食品级酸或酶部分水解后所得的糖类水溶液，经净化、浓缩而成。由于水解程度的不同，所含D-葡萄糖的量，可相差很大。由玉米淀粉制得者，示称“玉米糖浆”。

1. A sugar aqueous solution obtained by partially hydrolyzing edible corn starch with food grade acids or enzymes, purified and concentrated. Due to different degrees of hydrolysis, the amount of D-glucose contained can vary greatly. Made from corn starch, it is called "corn syrup".

2.葡萄糖可以淀粉为原料，经盐酸或稀硫酸水解制得。也可以淀粉为原料在淀粉糖化酶的作用下而制得。

2. Glucose can be obtained from starch as raw material by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid. It can also be made from starch as raw material under the action of starch glycosylase.

四、应用领域

4、 Application field

1.发酵工业

1. Fermentation industry

微生物的生长需要合适的碳氮比，葡萄糖作为微生物的碳源，是发酵培养基的主料，如抗生素、味精、维生素、氨基酸、有机酸、酶制剂等都需大量使用葡萄糖，同时也可用作微生物多聚糖和有机溶剂的原料。

The growth of microorganisms requires an appropriate carbon to nitrogen ratio. Glucose, as the carbon source of microorganisms, is the main material for fermentation media, such as antibiotics, monosodium glutamate, vitamins, amino acids, organic acids, enzyme preparations, etc., which require a large amount of glucose. It can also be used as a raw material for microbial polysaccharides and organic solvents.

2.食品工业

2. Food industry

目前结晶葡萄糖主要用于食品行业，随着生活水平的提高和食品行业科技的不断发展，葡萄糖在食品行业的应用越来越广泛，今后很长一段时间内食品行业仍是大的市场。

At present, crystalline glucose is mainly used in the food industry. With the improvement of living standards and the continuous development of food industry technology, the application of glucose in the food industry is becoming more and more widespread. For a long time in the future, the food industry will still be a large market.

3.化学工业

3. Chemical industry

葡萄糖在工业上的应用也很广，在印染制革工业中作还原剂，在制镜工业、热水瓶胆镀银及玻璃纤维镀银等化学镀银工业也常用葡萄糖作还原剂。

Glucose is also widely used in industry as a reducing agent in the printing, dyeing, and leather industries. Glucose is also commonly used as a reducing agent in chemical silver plating industries such as mirror manufacturing, silver plating on hot water bottles, and silver plating on glass fibers.

葡萄糖在生活中无论是工业或是食用都十分常见，是人生命中必不可少的物质。该知识点较好理解，可以再结合题库加深记忆。

Glucose is very common in both industry and consumption in daily life, and is an essential substance in human life. This knowledge point is easy to understand and can be combined with a question bank to deepen memory.

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